Ethereum
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Ethereum is the community-run technology powering the cryptocurrency ether (ETH) and thousands of decentralized applications.
GnosisDAO approves Gnosis Chain shift to ZK Ethereum Economic Zone rollup
GnosisDAO has approved Gnosis Chain's transition from a standalone Layer 1 into a ZK-proven Ethereum Economic Zone (EEZ) rollup.@note — verifying details to describe the proposal accurately.
EF launches better.codes challenge for hash-based SNARKs
The Ethereum Foundation Formal Verification team, in collaboration with Yukon and zkSecurity, launched better.codes, an open autoresearch challenge targeting hash-based SNARKs. It takes a self-contained problem from the Proximity Prize research, formalized in Lean, and puts its soundness bound on a public leaderboard that anyone can push forward. The goal is to raise machine-checked security benchmarks through agentic collaboration.
Ethereum Foundation details Q2 2026 ecosystem allocations

The Ethereum Foundation published its Q2 2026 allocation update, detailing ecosystem funding for the quarter focused on advancing resilience and capabilities. Supported work spans zero-knowledge proofs, client diversity, formal verification, and open-source tooling. The post lists the projects and ecosystem efforts funded as builders continue to strengthen the network.
Ethereum Foundation launches Platåberget testnet for Glamsterdam

The Ethereum Foundation announced the Platåberget testnet, an early public testing ground for the Glamsterdam upgrade (combining the Gloas and Amsterdam upgrades). The upgrade introduces breaking changes for application developers: any tool that relies on a hardcapped maximum gas limit — such as wallets, indexers, and gas estimators — will break and must be updated. Platåberget is open for public participation to validate the changes ahead of mainnet.
Ethereum Foundation 1TS grant backs WEBCAT development
The Ethereum Foundation's Trillion Dollar Security (1TS) initiative has awarded a grant to the Freedom of the Press Foundation (FPF) to fund continued development of WEBCAT. WEBCAT is an open-source browser tool that lets users verify that code served by an enrolled website matches what the developers originally published. The grant is aimed at hardening the tooling that supports transparency and supply-chain integrity on the web.
Fusaka upgrade activates on mainnet
The Osaka-Fulu ("Fusaka") upgrade, the network's most recent major protocol upgrade, activated December 3, 2025.
GnosisDAO approves Gnosis Chain ZK Ethereum Economic Zone rollup transition
GnosisDAO approved moving Gnosis Chain from a standalone L1 into a ZK-proven Ethereum Economic Zone rollup.
Pectra upgrade activates on mainnet
The Prague-Electra ("Pectra") upgrade activated May 7, 2025, increasing the maximum validator balance and improving staking and account abstraction.
Dencun upgrade introduces blobs for cheaper Layer 2s
The Cancun-Deneb ("Dencun") upgrade activated March 13, 2024, adding proto-danksharding (EIP-4844) to dramatically reduce data costs for Layer 2 rollups.
Shanghai (Shapella) upgrade enables staking withdrawals
The Shanghai-Capella ("Shapella") upgrade activated April 12, 2023, enabling withdrawals of staked ETH from the Beacon Chain for the first time.
The Merge transitions Ethereum to proof-of-stake
The Merge joined the execution layer with the Beacon Chain on September 15, 2022, permanently replacing proof-of-work and cutting the network's energy consumption by roughly 99.95%.
London upgrade activates EIP-1559
The London hard fork, activated August 5, 2021, introduced EIP-1559, changing transaction fee mechanics and beginning to burn a portion of ETH fees.
Beacon Chain launches
The Beacon Chain, Ethereum's proof-of-stake consensus layer, went live on December 1, 2020, running in parallel with the proof-of-work mainnet and enabling ETH staking as the foundation for The Merge.
DAO hard fork splits Ethereum from Ethereum Classic
Ethereum executed a hard fork at block 1,920,000 that reversed the DAO theft; the minority chain refused the change and continued as Ethereum Classic, a landmark governance split.
The DAO exploited; about 3.6 million ETH drained
An attacker exploited a reentrancy vulnerability in The DAO's smart contract, draining roughly 3.6 million ETH — about a third of the 11.5 million ETH the organization had raised, worth an estimated $50–70 million at the time.
Homestead upgrade activated
At block 1,150,000 on March 14, 2016, Ethereum executed Homestead, its first planned (production) hard fork, marking the platform's first production release.
Frontier mainnet launches
Ethereum produced its genesis block on July 30, 2015, launching the Frontier mainnet. The network has run continuously since that date.
Ethereum begins its crowdsale, raising roughly $18.3 million
Ethereum's public crowdsale ran from July 22 to September 2, 2014, selling more than 60 million ETH for about $18.3 million in bitcoin to fund development.